ROADS.

TILL 1845 when British superintendence was introduced Kolhapur had no made roads. Of the pathways those that led west down the Sahyadris to the coast were hardly fit for lightly laden cattle, and those that went inland were mere beaten cattle tracks. During the rains from June to November when the rivers and streams were full, the passage across the inland tracks was entirely closed and foot passengers crossed the rivers in the broad but shallow and unsafe sugar-pans which yearly caused a great loss of life. Between 1845 and 1854 about 300 miles of road were made at a cost of £10,300 (Rs. 1,03,000). Since 1854 old roads have been much improved and new roads made, the chief being the Poona-Belgaum mail road. At present (1883), besides several small roads, Kolhapur has four main lines of communication, one the Poona-Belgaum road running north and south, and three the Kolhapur-Amba pass, the Kolhapur-Phonda pass, and the Sankeshvar-Parpoli pass roads, running west towards the coast. The Poona-Belgaum mail road, the chief inland road in the State, enters the Kolhapur State at the Varna river in the north and runs about fifteen miles south-west to Kolhapur, and from Kolhapur runs south-east fifteen miles further by Kagal to the Dudhganga on the southern frontier. The road is metalled and bridged throughout, the chief bridges being across the Varna, Panchganga, and Dudhganga. It is repaired from Provincial funds by the British Government. Beginning from the north, by the Amba Phonda and Parpoli passes which are now fit for carts, three roads from Kolhapur run west down the Sahyadris to the coast. Of these the Amba pass road leads to Ratnagiri, the Phonda pass road to Vijaydurg Devgad and Malvan, and the Parpoli pass road to Malvan and Vengurla. The Kolhapur-Amba pass road runs from Kolhapur forty-two miles north-west to the village of Amba on the Sahyadris on the borders of Kolhapur and Ratnagiri. At Brahmapuri, about two miles north-west of Kolhapur, the road crosses the Panchganga, and then through the Panhala gorge passes the villages of Navli, Avli, and Bambavda, and the large town of Malkapur. From the village of Amba on the Sahyadris the road descends west by the Amba pass to Ratnagiri. Within Kolhapur limits the road was completed in 1883 with drains and bridges at a cost of £48,234 (Rs. 4,82,340). Of the three coast roads, the Kolhapur-Amba pass road is the shortest for Kolhapur and Sangli, Miraj, Shirol, Kurundvad, Ichalkaranji, and Athni lying east of Kolhapur. The Kolhapur-Phonda pass road runs forty-two miles south-west to the village of Dajipur near the Sahyadris on the borders of Kolhapur and Ratnagiri. From Kolhapur the road passes by the villages of Haladi, Ananj, and Valivda. Of the forty-two miles, the total length of this road in Kolhapur, twenty-six miles, from Kolhapur to Gibikhind were in 1874 built by the Kolhapur State at a cost of £7307 (Rs. 73,070). and the remaining sixteen miles from Gibikhind to Dajipur are now being drained and bridged and when completed will afford direct communication with the coast during the rains. From Dajipur near the Sahyadris the road descends by the Phonda pass into Ratnagiri, one branch going north-west to Vijaydurg, another going west to Devgad, and a third south-west to Malvan. At present (1883) for, Kolhapur this road is the most direct to the coast. About twenty-six miles south of Kolhapur, by the towns of Saravda and Murgod, this road branches east to Nipani in Belgaum. This portion to Nipani is now being cross-drained under British supervision. From Sankhesvar on the Poona-Belgaum mail road, about thirty-six miles south of Kolhapur, the Sankeshvar-Parpoli pass road runs thirty-six miles west to the village of Dhangarmola near the Sahyadris on the borders of Kolhapur and Savantvadi. In South Kolhapur the road passes by the towns of Gadinglaj and Ajra. From Dhangarmola near the Sahyadris the road descends by the Parpoli pass into Savantvadi. After leaving Vadi the road branches in two, one passing north-west to Malvan and the other south-west to Vengurla. Of the thirty-six miles the total length of this road within Kolhapur limits, about ten miles between Sankeshvar and Gadinglaj were in 1881 completed at a cost of £9273 (Rs. 92,730), of which half was paid by the British Government and the other half by the Kolhapur State. For these ten miles as well as for twelve miles further from Gadinglaj to Ajra which were made solely by the Kolhapur State at a cost of £9347 (Rs. 93,470), the road is murumed that is laid with crumbly trap, and for the remaining fourteen miles from Ajra to the Parpoli pass which were also made by the Kolhapur State, the surface is laid with laterite. Except the Hiranyakeshi and a few small streams the road is cross-drained throughout. It is the most direct coast road for Athni, Gokak, Hukeri, and Nipani in Belgaum, and for Tasgaon in Satara. The traffic on this road is heavy, averaging about 150 carts a day. Most of the cross roads are unfit for carts and many are difficult for pack bullocks. Of the small inland roads, besides the through Poona-Belgaum road, the Kolhapur-Miraj road runs twenty-six miles east from Kolhapur to Udgaon by the towns of Hirla, Attigre, Alta, and Hatkalangda. At Udgaon the road crosses the Krishna and runs further east to Miraj. It is a first class bridged and drained road built in 1877 at a cost of £21,168 (Rs. 2,11,680). From Attigre on the Kolhapur-Miraj road a drained and bridged road, built at a cost of £5003 (Rs. 50,030), runs nine miles south-east to Ichalkaranji; and from Ichalkaranji a fair weather cart track runs seven miles east to Kurundvad. From Udgaon on the Kolhapur-Miraj road a cross-drained road built at a cost of £1747 (Rs. 17,470) runs four and half miles south to Shirol, two and half miles from Shirol to Kurundvad, and five miles from Kurundvad to Hervad. On the east side of the Krishna near Udgaon a four-mile road from Sangli joins the Kolhapur-Miraj road in the south. At the eighth mile north-west of Kolhapur, on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road, a murumed and bridged road about four miles long runs west to the old fort of Panhala. The portion immediately below the entrance to the fort is very steep, the gradient being about one in five. It is now proposed to make this portion more easy. From Malkapur on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road a second class fair weather murumed road runs twenty miles east to Kapsi by Sarud. From Sarud a fair weather road without bridges or drains joins the Kolhapur-Amba pass road at Bambavda and from Bambavda it continues to run as far as the village of Pishvi.

Of the roads that are being built, a drained and bridged road estimated to cost about £3200 (Rs. 32,000), will run three miles south from Shirol to Narsobachivadi. From Kolhapur a new road is being made thirty-two miles south to Gargoti, the head-quarters of the Bhudargad sub-division. Of these thirty-two miles twenty have been cross-drained and murumed that is laid with crumbly trap till 1882. In 1883 the remaining twelve miles were surveyed.

TOLLS.

Of the thirteen tolls nine are on ghats or hill passes and four on plain roads. Beginning from the north, the nine tolls on the hill passes are at Chandel, Amba, Prabhanvalli, Anaskura, Kajirda, Bavda, Phonda, Ghotga, and Hanmant; and the four road tolls are at Unchgaon on the Poona-Belgaum road, at Vadi-Ujlai on the Kolhapur-Kagal road, at Herla on the new Miraj road, and at Ajra on the Sankeshvar-Vengurla road. The tolls charged are for every four-wheeled carriage Is. (8 as.), for every two-wheeled cart or carriage 6d. (4 as.) if drawn by two animals and laden and 3d. (2 as.) if unladen, 9d. (6 as.) if drawn by four animals and laden and 4½d. (3 as.) if unladen, Is. (8 as.) if drawn by six animals and laden and 6d. (4 as.) if unladen, 2s. (Re. 1) if drawn by eight animals and more and laden and Is. (8 as.) if unladen, 2s. (Re. 1) for every elephant, ¾d. (½a.) for every camel, horse, pony, mule, buffalo, or bullock whether laden or unladen; ⅜d. (¼a.) for every ass laden or unladen, ⅛d. (1/12 a.) for every sheep, goat, or pig, 6d. (4 as.) for every palanquin or other litter carried by four or more bearers and 3d. (2as.) for every small litter carried by less than four bearers. Every year in May the tolls are farmed to the highest bidder for one year. The tolls are managed by the farmers who pay the amount to the State by monthly or quarterly instalments. In 1881 the tolls were farmed for £1847 8s; (Rs. 18,474), of which £1126 16s. (Rs. 11,268) were for the nine hill-pass tolls and £720 12s. (Rs. 7206) for the four plain road tolls. Besides these tolls the municipality of Kolhapur levies tolls on all imports into and exports from Kolhapur city. In 1883 the city toll yielded a revenue of £1202 12s. (Rs. 12,026).

RAILWAYS.

At present (1883) Kolhapur has no railways. Of the three systems of railways, the East Deccan or Hotgi-Gadag, the South Deccan or Belari-Marmagaon, and the West Deccan or Poona-Londa which are being now introduced into the Southern Maratha and Kanarese districts of Bombay, the Poona-Londa line will pass by Miraj, about seven miles from the eastern boundary of the Kolhapur State and thirty-two miles east of Kolhapur city.

PASSES.

Of the twelve hill passes or ghats in the Sahyadris, beginning from the north, one the Devda is in the Vishalgad sub-division, three the Amba Chandel and Prabhanvalli are both in the Vishalgad and Panhala sub-divisions, one the Anaskura is in the Panhala sub-division, one the Kajirda is in the Panhala and Bavda sub-divisions, one the Bavda is in the Bavda sub-division, two the Phonda and Shivgad are in the Bavda and Bhudargad sub-divisions, and three, the Bharasvadi Ghotga and Umarja are in the Bhudargad sub-division. Of these hill passes the Amba and Phonda are fit for carts. [Fuller details of Hill-passes are given in Chap. I, under Hills.] Besides these there are about seventy-five gorges or khinds. Most of the gorges are fit for foot passengers and a few are used with difficulty by pack bullocks. Of the seventy-five gorges twenty-four are in Vishalgad, four in Panhala, seven in Bavda, and forty in Bhudargad. Besides these, the hill forts of Bhudargad, Gad-inglaj, Gagan-Bavda, Kagal, Panhala, Pavangad, Shivgad, and Vishalgad, are approached by difficult hill passes, 500 to 2500 feet long. Of these gorges a few are fit for pack bullocks and the rest are used by foot passengers only.

FERRIES.

The twelve rivers on which ferries ply during the rains (June-October) are the Bhogavati, Chitri, Dudhganga, Ghatprabha, Hiranyakeshi, Kadvi, Kasari, Krishna, Kumbhi, Panchganga, Varna, and Vedganga. During the fair season from November to June these rivers have water in deep reaches separated by sandy plots and have fords at a distance of two to four miles. Before 1845 iron sugar-pans instead of boats were used as ferries, which yearly caused a large loss of life. In 1854 twenty boats and twenty baskets plied during the rains. At present (1883) the ferry-boats have increased to sixty-four of which twenty-two belong to the State and forty-two to private persons. Of the twenty-two State ferry boats four ply on the Dudhganga at Sulkud, Shidurli, Bachni, and Ghosar-vad; three ply on the Kasari at Vaghne, Bajarbhogaon, and Padal; three ply on the Kumbhi at Malharpeth, Sangrul, and Salvan; five ply on the Panchganga at Rui, Ichalkaranji, Vadinga, Rukdi, and Shiye; two ply on the Varna at Kodoli and Shitur; and five ply on the Vedganga at Nidhori, Mudga-budruk, Anur, Chikhli, and Bange. The ferry boats vary in size from thirty-six by 12½ feet to 7½ by two feet. In twelve towns at Kagal, Kharepatan, Malkapur, Mhamdapur, Mesoli, Nesari, Rajapur, Rashivda, Salgaon, Sulkud, Thergaon, and Vengurla, the ferry boats are built of teak, babhul, mango, and savri or silk-cotton tree wood. Generally the whole boat is made of one kind of wood, but sometimes it is built of planks of two or three different kinds. The boatmen are Bagdis, Bhandaris, Chambhars, Kolis, Kunbis, Lingayats, and Musalmans. At the twenty-two State ferries, the boatmen are not paid in kind or grain, but have service lands given in return for their labour. The ferry boats carry 200 to 400 passengers. Except eight private ferries which work free of charge, they charge a fee of ?d. (¼a.) for each passenger. Besides passengers, the larger ferry boats carry cattle and. carts, generally bullocks for ¾ d. (½ a.), horses for 1½d. (1 a.), and camels for 3d. (2 as.).

BRIDGES.

Of the five chief bridges within Kolhapur limits the Krishna bridge is the largest and lies twenty-six miles east of Kolhapur near Udgaon on the Kolhapur-Miraj road. It is a stone bridge with eleven spans of seventy feet and with foundations resting on hard rock. The roadway is seventy-five feet above the river-bed. The bridge was completed between 1875 and 1879 at a cost of £45,000 (Rs. 4,50,000), of which £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) were paid by the British Government, £10,000 (Rs. 1,00,000) by the Kolhapur State, £5000 (Rs. 50,000) by the Sangli State, and £2500 (Rs. 25,000) each by Miraj Senior and Junior. Besides the Varna bridge on the northern border and the Dudhganga bridge on the southern border which were built by the British Government, the Panchganga bridge on the Poona-Belgaum mail road at Unchgaon, about three miles north of Kolhapur, has seven openings of sixty feet with masonry piers and wrought-iron superstructure. It was originally intended for masonry arches, but as the foundation of the north abutment was faulty, latice girders were substituted to diminish the pressure. This bridge was completed in 1874 at a cost of £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000). The remaining three bridges are on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road over the Panchganga, Shalli, and Kadvi rivers. About a mile north of Kolhapur on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road the Panchganga is crossed by a masonry bridge with five, spans of seventy feet. This bridge was completed between 1874 and 1878 at a cost of £18,913 (Rs. 1,89,130). At Malkapur on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road the Shalli is crossed by a masonry bridge, with five thirty feet spans. This bridge was completed between; 1880 and 1881 at a cost of £3805 (Rs. 38,050). About six miles west; of Malkapur on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road the Kadvi is crossed near Gade-Gaund by a masonry bridge with five thirty feet spans, This bridge was completed between 1881 and 1882 at a cost of £3540 (Rs. 35,400). Besides these five bridges a masonry bridge with five sixty feet spans is being built over the Bhogavati three miles west of Kolhapur on the Kolhapur-Bavda road. This bridge is estimated to cost about £16,082 (Rs. 1,60,820).

REST-HOUSES.

Of the five travellers' bungalows for European travellers three are on the Poona-Belgaum mail road at Kinni Kolhapur and Kagal, a fourth is at Dajipur on the Kolhapur-Phonda pass road, and a fifth is at Panhala. Of the three bungalows on the Poona-Belgaum mail road the Kinni bungalow lies fourteen miles north of Kolhapur. It accommodates four persons and has furniture and cooking vessels but no messman. Except mutton and beef ordinary supplies are obtainable. Water is scanty and is brought from a well about 250 yards from the bungalow. Each traveller is charged a daily fee of 2s. (Re. 1). The Kolhapur bungalow lying close to the Sadar Bazar has room for six persons. Supplies are abundant, and besides furniture and cooking vessels the bungalow has a messman Each traveller is charged a daily fee of 2s. (Re. 1). The Kagal bungalow lies ten miles south of Kolhapur. It has room for four persons and has furniture and cooking vessels but no messman. Water and food are abundant. The bungalow belongs to the chief of Kagal, the present Regent of Kolhapur, who lets travellers use it free of charge. The Dajipur bungalow, lies thirty-nine miles south-west of Kolhapur on the Kolhapur-Phonda pass road. It has been now (1884) rebuilt and has room for two persons. As there are no large towns in the neighbourhood, food and carriage are difficult. Water is obtained from the Bhogavati which runs close to the bungalow. A daily fee of 2s. (Re. 1) is charged for each traveller. The Panhala bungalow lies within the fort of Panhala, about twelve miles north-west of Kolhapur. As Panhala is the present health-resort of Kolhapur, the bungalow is always occupied during the hot season. Food is easily obtained. As some of the springs pass through the laterite foundation which is highly charged with iron, the drinking water is said to possess medicinal properties. A daily fee of 3s. (Rs.1½) is levied from each traveller. Besides these five, a sixth bungalow is to be built at Amba, forty-two miles north-west of Kolhapur on the Kolhapur-Amba pass road.

For Native travellers the State has built twenty-five standard and 105 ordinary rest-houses. Of the twenty-five standard rest-houses seven are in Karvir, four in Bhudargad, three each in Panhala Kagal and Ichalkaranji, two in Alta, and one each in Gadinglaj Shirol and Vishalgad. Of the 105 ordinary rest-houses thirty-one are in Karvir, seventeen in Gadinglaj, sixteen in Kagal, twelve in Shirol, ten in Ichalkaranji, six each in Bhudargad and Bavda, five in Alta, and two in Panhala. Besides these 1308 temples and mosques serve as rest-houses. Of these 292 are in Alta, 209 in Gadinglaj, 187 in Ichalkaranji, 180 in Kagal, 131 in Vishalgad, ninety each in Bhudargad and Panhala, fifty-eight in Shirol, fifty-five in Karvir, and sixteen in Bavda.

POST OFFICES.

Of the seventeen post offices two, the chief disbursing office and a town sub-office, are in the city of Kolhapur; fourteen are sub-offices at Ajra, Gadinglaj, Gagan-Bavda, Gargoti, Hatkalangda, Ichalkaranji, Kagal, Katkol, Malkapur, Panhala, Raybag, Shirol, Torgal, and Vadgaon; and one is a village office at Narsobachi Vadi. The disbursing office is in charge of a postmaster drawing a yearly salary of £84 (Rs. 840). The sub-offices are in charge of sub-postmasters who draw yearly salaries of £36 (Rs. 360) for the town sub-office of Kolhapur and of £18 (Rs. 180) for other sub-offices. The village office is in charge of a schoolmaster who draws a yearly allowance of £3 12s. (Rs. 36) for this additional work. Besides in some places by runners who draw a yearly allowance of £2 8s. (Rs. 24) for this additional work, letters are delivered by seventeen postmen who draw yearly salaries of £9 12s. to £12 (Rs.96-120). The post offices are supervised by the Superintendent and his assistant the inspector of post offices Deccan division, who both have their head-quarters in Satara. The salaries of the superintendent and inspector are personal, the present superintendent drawing a yearly salary of £240 (Rs. 2400) and the inspector of £120 (Rs. 1200). Mails to and from Bombay are carried by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway between Bombay and Poona; the mails between Poona and Kolhapur are carried in pony carts or tongas which run from Poona to Hubli through Satara, Kolhapur, Belgaum, and Dharwar. Besides the British post offices, eight postal lines, maintained by the State at a yearly cost of about £400 (Rs. 4000), carry only official letters in the various sub-divisions. Of the eight lines seven run from Kolhapur, one to Bhudargad; a second to Panhala; a third to Hatkalangda, Shirol, Raybag, and Katkol; a fourth to Kagal and Gadinglaj; a fifth to Malkapur; a sixth to Ichalkaranji; and a seventh to Bavda; the eighth line runs from Ichalkaranji to Ajra. Every morning at about nine o'clock official letters are sent from Kolhapur with runners who travel at two and a half to three miles an hour. Every month about '12,000 official packets are despatched from Kolhapur and nearly the same number is received.

TELEGRAPH.

Since 1854 Kolhapur city has a Government Telegraph Office wire directly connected with Poona and Belgaum. During the fourteen years ending 1882 the yearly messages rose from 599 in 1869 to 1360 in 1882. Since 1880 a telegraph has also been opened between Kolhapur and Ratnagiri, Rajapur and Chiplun.

TRADE CENTRES.

Of the twelve chief trade centres and market towns two are in Karvir, at Kolhapur and Sangrul; four in Panhala at Kadoli, Male, Panhala, and Sarud; one in Alta at Vadgaon; one in Gadinglaj at Gadinglaj; two in Vishalgad at Kapsi and Malkapur; one in Kagal at Murgud; and one in Ichalkaranji at Ichalkaranji. Except at Ichalkaranji where a market is held twice a week, at all these places markets are held once a week. These markets are spreading as well as gathering centres. Of the imports and exports, at Kolhapur grain, cloth, earthenware, baskets, and cattle largely come from neighbouring places; most of these articles find their way to Nipani in Belgaum and Chiplun and Rajapur in Ratnagiri. From Sangrul rice is largely sent to Nipani and other places. At Kadoli grain is largely sold; from Kadoli cotton, molasses, and chillies, and from Panhala rice are largely sent. At Sarud grain is brought in large quantities and cloth exported. At Vadgaon, which is a large trade centre, dates, cocoa-kernel, sugar, and English yarn are brought from the sea ports, and a number of cattle from neighbouring places for sale; and besides chillies, tobacco, and wheat and other grains, molasses is largely exported. At Gadinglaj the chief trade is in grain, coarse cloth, and cattle. At Kapsi the local dealers take grain, chillies, and other articles for sale to Islampur, Miraj, Sangli, and Tasgaon. At Malkapur grain and cattle come from neighbouring villages, and cocoanuts dates and other articles from Ratnagiri ports. The chief exports are rice, jvari, wheat, grain, and chillies. At Murgud grain comes in large quantities from neighbouring villages and rice is exported. At Ichalkaranji grain and cattle are brought for sale. Besides at the large trade centres, forty-seven small weekly markets are held. Of these seven are in Karvir at Bida, Dhamoda, Hassur-budruk, Kandgaon, Khebavda, Shiroti, and Thikpurli; five are in Panhala at Bajar-Bhogaon, Kalhen, Kotholi, Padal, and Pishvi; six are in Shirol at Chinchli, Ghosarvad,Nandni, Parmanand-Vadi, Raybag, and Shirol; eight are in Alta at Alta, Hatkalangda, Herla, Hupri, Kumbhoj, Rendal, Rukdi, and Savgav; six are in Gadinglaj at Halkarni, Harli, Kadgaon, Kapsi, Katkol, and Nesari; seven are in Bhudargad at Madilge, Saravde, Shengaon, Shevpur, Tarla, Valivda, and Valva; one is in Vishalgad at Mahagaon; three are in Bavda at Bavda, Rashivda, and Tisangi; three are in Kagal, at Chikhli Kagal and Mangaon; and one is in Ichalkaranji at Ajra.

FAIRS.

Five large fairs are held in the State, at Chinchli, Jotiba's Hill, Kagal, Godchi, and Narsinh's Vadi. The fair at Chinchli is held on the bright fifteenth of Magh in January-February and lasts for five days. At this fair a large number of cattle are brought for sale. It is attended by about 35,000 people and the sales average £6000 (Rs. 60,000). The fair at Jotiba's Hill or Vadi-Ratnagiri is held on the bright fifteenth of Chaitra in March-April and lasts for one day. It is attended by about 40,000 people, and the sales average £4,500 (Rs. 45,000). The fair at Kagal is held on the bright second of Kartik in October-November and lasts for one day. It is attended by about 10,000 people and the sales average £800 (Rs. 8000). The fair at Godchi in Torgal is held in Margashirsh in November-December and lasts for four days. It is attended by about 12,000 people and the sales average £700 (Rs. 7000). The fair at Narsinh's Vadi is held on the dark fifth of Mdgh in February-March and lasts for one month. It is daily attended by about 5000 people and the total sales average £30,000 (Rs. 3 lakhs). Besides these, small fairs are held at nineteen other places. The details are:

Kolhapur Fairs, 1882.

Except that they are much larger gatherings, these fairs differ little from the weekly markets. The chief articles sold are grain, cloth, silk, blankets, copper, brass and earthen vessels, glass bangles, pearls, perfumes, and sweetmeats.

SHOPKEEPERS.

Every village large or small has its shopkeeper generally a Vani or Gujar, who deals in groceries, spices, grain, salt, oil, sugar, molasses, and other supplies. The whole stock is worth £1 to £30 (Rs. 10-300). He buys some of the more lasting wares at one of the chief trade centres or at some large fair. But most of his stock is bought from time to time at the nearest market or sub-divisional town. As the rich lay in the chief part of their grain and groceries for a whole year, buying them in the larger markets, they take from the village shopkeepers such perishable articles only as oil groceries and sugar. The middle and poorer classes, except what they themselves produce, draw almost all their supplies from the village shopkeeper, and according to their credit pay ready money or, what is commoner, have a weekly or monthly account. Even in the wilder parts the village shopkeeper seldom barters. He is often a moneylender, and in the accounts of many of his customers oil and spice entries are often mixed with money advances.

PEDDLERS.

Below the village shopkeeper is the peddler. Some of the peddlers are craftsmen, generally weavers and coppersmiths. During the rains the weavers weave cloth and the coppersmiths make copper and brass vessels which during the fair season they sell from village to village. Other peddlers sell groceries, perfumes, glass bangles, and hardware. Peddlers move from house to house carrying their stock on a packbullock or pony and sometimes by headload. The peddlers sell most of their stock by barter, specially exchanging brass and copper vessels for old clothes and laces.

CARRIERS.

The chief wandering carriers are the Bagvans, Lamans, and Lonaris. Of late, since the making of good through roads and the introduction of carts, carriers have much decreased. At present (1883) 7347 pack bullocks are employed in carrying grain and firewood. Of these 1500 are in Panhala, 1236 in Karvir, 931 in Gadinglaj, 800 in Bhudargad, 798 in Bavda, 604 in Shirol, 434 in Alta, 382 in Kagal, 376 in Vishalgad, and 286 in Ichalkaranji. Besides bullocks, donkeys are used by Lonaris in carrying firewood and lime.

IMPORTS.

The chief imports are salt, metal, cocoanuts, dates, groceries, oil, hardware, twist, and piece goods. Salt was formerly brought entirely by pack bullocks from the Konkan. Under metal come gold, silver, copper, brass, and iron. During the American war (1862-1865) gold and silver were largely imported; during the scarcity of 1876-77 a large amount of gold and silver in ornaments left the State; and since the return of prosperity in 1881 and 1882 gold and silver have again been imported. Sheets of copper and brass are brought in small quantities, and ready-made vessels and drinking mugs in large quantities chiefly from Poona. Formerly iron was locally smelted: and it is now largely brought from Bombay by Vanis and Bohoras. It is much used for cart tiers and axles and in making iron pots. Dates, groceries, kerosine and cocoanut oil, iron buckets, and water pots are brought from Bombay. Steam-spun twist, both English and Bombay-made, is brought and sold to hand-loom weavers. Piece goods are hand-made and steam-made. Of hand-made goods the chief are turbans and women's robes from Poona, Shahapur, Sholapur,  and Yeola; waistcloths or dhotars from Nagpur and Shahapur; and silk waistcloths or pitambars and robes or paithanis and turbans from Burhanpur and Poona. Of the steam-made cloth the coarse strong cloth is Bombay-made and the finer cloth is from England.

EXPORTS.

The chief exports are of grains, rice, jvari, bajri, nachni, wheat, and gram; of groceries and spices coriander turmeric and chillies; of oilseeds sesame linseed and earthnut; and of other exports cotton, cotton tape, hemp, tobacco, molasses, and sugar.